O Oceano artico, que cobre menos de 3% dasuperfÍcie da Terra, parece ser bastantesensívela condia§aµes anormais nos oceanos de baixa latitude.
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OqhogXQVNiY/KVGjhqLq5K7qB4JOWt5I1bVdv8AnQb8VorMuZgHd1Vn6Kyl2HzRi2L6aIltpA6Qmxmpmk70uPJC0tqnkOmbtW95qB63aKu6lypfVHwYi+qwYRh6ISNNFtCViiq2mgqQwBQBRQ0QMmueu+lpJaeSxPJJzO9Ez0u13uircfFKZqnh3+iaPLfaZtfDnN6ppWEZa8CLEc6u9LnObqFPiovO+pkLD3X1GSirnpmjJhZtP6Ilxl7tbiOoTDmLuigtM+V9BJ8WIzyb4coBa8ea1Yz/ACtu1eV7O1P6qrbs582rvV6HcyVLdESBPksRGI9F7g/dUs2t9SvaWp9BRQ0Rkez5XZsIMKfgOp6ZKvCpLvQKlk9e4P3VbD/ZQ6WHzWyq56ceEN3VaqmbyybTQV7K0c3/ACtpoeOrVLTl2lNtRvyX9oNdwfztz1Xs3OZ6L37ltlzvUqjBlhwkLsnHZPdN1L9Fpxw387oXUv7Zn6h1Ui/C0Ynnksbziflr1OeztOh4GOfJSded2l8XT4XBzQtc1LoKwnVpi7AyrypNXHU5rRnR2dwTXXPQj+Fc09S1Wv8AeV/FfpXsv4d1m8mjoiE2yeRBqZRDHbekppYOyfP3Vt9P2TbXEJeYNfsrR7dWtbTrqmEaFhyfltP33sLXhhu54O2HoV1PILE6r3a5weTxG4fZ/KbnMGpVeyj6pzrIth1Ycngu236lFoTnWga6dPJPAo13TkVhtHsw+QqVawe/CIDGg9YTnujaACxg7MaZI58lX8A23oF2p0+HcSO82oQcOedjuTqHL3j/AMSpGixNMhRi/wAIN5nRHAZgwjHKh4OAteHKPF4oJCfEw+EKR5LDZmrRiTDZOjE4QsTdXUCsO0tXNBmXSrQ2Vu55DfmlA/zb8caTNU0Gj30Thq9lFhbaEnUAp4mmEf8Aa7SdicP/AN9UzAfhJLeqsMJo4n9rzGoqEHdcgwdnFYlMY0Orsxz804YHNDhNQoZD7OKcqL+HLdMJhdqPmdi+5Vt/f/1w8kcGUUeLM6LtTz0HS5z7UHETycUGAbLbSRXkv/WKhWPsy4tmRITmmxLZGpIXZxXDCHagw1vXmiLKQHtqZ0Kwmxhw+LEn2rBMsEeqw7U9cRVm94jYgqzLe5JPpTI+y6VGSBaWoHTEmx8IgJpOrdFq8A/CHUTT8uiwjREN5mdwRg0UxHgJ39VI3miDPnMKik6891Hw2mnrnZa/Q8E55MOmiwPo8byBwp4wKxHqgzmVJ7lp+91OV1p2libTTRsq0+FoPdPJNfiE2mtfsnOtWY28vJQHYhjEeVVa2g5RI6hU/pyD9VPPnmLTzVdRQ8F0cNCsD6PGeOJO/nehWfoVLe82oWlCi5lpsjk5EVINz3WeCHRqn43CXxMdEQ1rWu5GEXWZbtagoy6XOcHFPd80IunZiAF2nwu72fytP33YcA4fKvaNg58TO+3RBwy+W9njY3rf7LnWfI1aodooAjcwdCuxf+k9b5gn0QJoB8KkIDARBoUXvPpumn8wvg5nN5OqMsTvYG9Nx4kXM/tuxt7zKoOHPdwVgtvo7rdLtE60tG97kVA0UFQ0QFQzG5d5X9c1k/o6MsO4ooo8TN1k7zi/sz3Xd3eQ7Rewtf06oOtrMlvQKCcJ812fK/Ew4X9Vhthh8+W4cPJNPldTNPQjeSM53hR4wjnyQP3uwuUPGNvzBbLgc4aTU6X7cu9StkAXVErE44MkFTYuj8p0XtmFvnyWyQczrM6GrbozPQ3k5a3VVPCO0sxIPeatk/S/aati1eF70H1atbNU7Nd1n3Xds0zHHlCHaa3d1i7jPuvdD/kvcf7Ktg9VY8fRd7/C94F31g7wu7sHyWxaT5OUWrcB/wAJrfmvpRw0Kg0cNRnf6JvpkpuaLW7zyU4iOB2mrZtHj6qltPq1f+Mr3TT+pe4/2XuD90YGp7twDufNBx+HRRgefQL3dp9l7u0+y93afZe7tPsvd2n2Xu7T7IgMtAesIlw11C7o+yoE6066Kt5xCQsTGQOWTE04XjmsFqMLv3zOb1CAPTLKkab6m6HFw7PF9ET8R53YXaI2feI0KE6xuO3nnosLK+eWueHCVsbbehUaHoeCrudFTdDitM9VGi80CvJUJCi+Lq3zMORnU3TdVUR3G0FQ42+evBaqt2HMcw46l0Z5yHruJlUUKOKkb6NyUeKi+q1VCq3UUC4XSpUhSjKiL6eERuTu4HBi+l030uqovgXRKhTdA3ZVcrnLA742yrNobQ61Vg1ulbv5jlihWeHVWB9ZVm0Nodaqxa3Sqc+0rWiwudPTwGRw1L4ynrkw30vndVzNaO7NU11iIIPVWbxo1MeyNnqnAhmnVRG3Gsqyc6NnVC0b3VZvGjUx/JqdgbjafPRe0dJO70uhVu8/CsRRVbqKXXUulbPA65nEGjdV2k7KBcYBQxOiVha6p8l7xqBLqHRQ11cw4eMtOEotpUzQovk304LXNas/qRC/l/zrC8w1oXmKL6rZYw15qw2RM6Kz7RmCPrO7i6QpO5nd042t1b4VVN8jfaZmv+VdrzTjMlyc4HvclhCpaPCZtHYTXz3d3OWm9nioKqqHLS6mSniGm/lQo4eCpaUFqjfCpdRSeE046uWfBaZoui6nB6Kir4SUeMmVGSUTdJXVUzzvKKeLock+DQUQVS6l2vHaeCTxsDVa5K8dFw/AsLRRuoVNzB4Ob53B30+AQLpzUGaq1puROWuiw3zvQBn8lPhc3zkqqC+Qc8b+qoq7yb681rllR4XF0FEKuSL4znwKcs+EyNLqXV4evGQvNSfCqqDv6+BzfXJHBzxdM2l9VBULTd14iSpyyp4SeDk7zXNPPeVVOHqo4D//xAArEAEAAgECBgICAgMBAQEAAAABABEhMUEQIDBRYXFAgZGhscFQ0fDxYOH/2gAIAQEAAT8h6Wx+5Tlr1AU9oJVpzZXXt/m9S0fieynZjqoJTAAolgTS5BT8/wCc3P18JaLYrABRxKmVRblx06r95oxQLYB0bigWzP8A+c0mf3+Dt/uZp1eu4IAVMh2ht+Iquajp/ns/tvDPXz0z7bi36V1bAOjw1Df/AOC15fbr4o+pVBGCtSvWu8XHIfb/AOBFVkqE6uNNWb/6411LjrWeJNW+Pqv/AIKvydVOGBRRwXZ6x1+OoP8AHtJRvTwu7KTy4OmJas69V0fioqIm1CBhuVRUszb/AB9dm/TelAoo+CKDz8TGu/XkarOkzNnCWxX/AIzRuVL0fcM1uJwVpv13a9YFURHszvlSlB0mgHieVLBd+TGXUXsIVVK4Kp3RRe7ZTdVmDrLUoZbXq4GB+XmeixDaVBzXG2LkjfC6+IptoazLw7ksqNsUdaItFCmSZ9WbukWnxBliRUOoU8WNW1p03QN8cJVzrwqezgwm1eOkLnDNBo6OrUrtb343N7TR9CaaY7w74Dcv5CoYNl87sZkHbnZsmF2jUXmw3JKqVkn5RTBewxd7hdsSAXFZVPMy7eFlVjjO3FhpcMdQcEpZrzgrRL15dIAqGsUC3oZeKrb0rL9pbo045uaTM4NIvqpkXMdn5C6vbnwEUe3Pe9FaRsdpaVZaIz3jGsN0C1vLN7YSLLrdoZnoA5IsSHIIOsSAYi6jmzUMXm+m+JdDpFcsvWFrWA+5v/XaGU13cn5gCxs4DF7dFFU8QU/cO4jhoqYuuFtt+X9hz6H6hjntS+oNIBf73iZRs6y1lHBNhesVTeBWahAzXGgNV3GVXvpNFt25Wwc7uIdF4YH/AARKF9yj9kWrRDIv+dJMgbHB0Ajsz7DtJlqh1ztBYMIznMFXDQCIq4iOUB3dM1n8w1bvCATaCoaMw+0txVW3hQly18tUPKrWG/FyMSw08V7IExFc2frSUdrfzHeVLYNz93/crmBnDaVRR1GP1vaP8yytWv8APKzc1eOYDudXRaE7yBs8z3L+ztBF0F8EWNG8ILOeCFpFvEC2ueI4VZTAoomiwtiO4u00cat8AJIw+WXV7cuCd5Rbvy4Q04gEFjLYAoxf1Q+hHmKhCuj2lRidLloV3CVHnYSrzsHJptURW88oK0E1WrrMb6rXUtLOy6c37Obzt4I6iCCx6Qljptwx3aM4cSvmRVTvyrD2xBQOugWtHBaLgCxvlPXSD+IPcmgHVQLWgg2SudpVrB8AOG3fuAoOmA3yBaIrdqiK1fJVDy6v75qg1FQm/R8KJ3cqmMI+2AFESyma7r2mkWmIA0DkYqy6vbpr/XBAAo0I/NZI6RuX0Wiotgs99eutFy9rKtmCuoipfkq+M6SDK82kFs0+agKoaI8VpRPt3ORRpEdkAKOUDTDNcxIElunJQu7Zt7ibmC4etyelK51w4Ze0MkM2y1uIfBwrLA+QsjtxWjuw1bvz5r75hVBcFhVCzQqGbJVrH8Q9wLBlfxQhdWp4an8BiOy/c/qL0U9B6IWFBvGL3arqWM4Y7oFbS44qdj8ef2QZu4dmkqzHFmf/AKHmMVC5YJJZ13EAWNkcqmqazRL9zv8A3Ms1/wBVOx95JRq/QYmmnYxyA8bJpPNfRaR2XvwUFNI64x8hVTucVghoPHOiE0Dk1lNGjMhQHbg1xFQ8FpbFXWhDTgR+YlvwHRP4kR/EyFH8ct6WugasCeIH9wBQUHBoYt3noYbaz7OcAgsYu+mWJbr9IcE7oV+pRyMSJB6nUv4msazUJot+8tij3F7QzGJ0IdjtAoo4gKY+ep8d1xtD0LiSUadTiXk5lSkuk4/rRQLYF4XMvwXfj6EI9BycbZshGsp37euVqLKgN++f6Nvp5r5L57DRqXZlRgOB2eCsabBtPxDtcNBe7lQGZkG3xtMw4H7egglMPRqALHgl0eY9zUTFOAKrDsjueGLs4E+g4jd0uFwDZnbzCKm+d+b7Vfnn7ppieUDhvyyjH3EZ4YohP+F4m6LNn0QJAoNWvcFGvtVg0/f8QyFBqdyDA0Mp+C6Mw9sKCvQaq/5+4WwfQGqWHtIfs5P+HQdRK3wA7SCkXfxVfojpMrdHzAj6jExWjL2tvoi1YtzxRWMzXDxW/wAhBtq3HcY5V1C5/wD0iHQ+5h6eCohoLMD2KixnbE4fqVlqjRjH/kdkC0i+G4h0ZkXSA4xzA0N/4hbMRVsD+piSX+hVMQsjAFjHYThu5f8AuUkZg7Vc8lgGtS7MCBqd+mAVrLKqM1HTv8XQmv6mr66V1u3wAG3ghDofww3afB/voOuqQHTw5/GX/Vy7mHvj/NQJYVm4ZtHiojbpau1fnSLJ1faocsoXuDLtf2fDsbkAbgUEi1w4vw/5uogWVHoYla9YaDB+rG0oYKj3om2rr6SzAsK37H8xfDuCIWEzwLH1VdWtI5LjDglI6n/STYpvR3/uUfqst3b+obToYoe5W0tNUUI3Rt9u1/wlnCHsAli18rctxf8A3UEELZfJ+wwvVl0DbZw//DC0DDFkw/1K26eR/wA+pdjfK7UQ06AA7mt9RCxkf6PhEbYrHhq+oqLgLBoevniChhmmKImnVIkYm3Bm5dp7uEDN0wqNtGYZ+WDSzK+9/wCfzG8wGBr7Y2DaCX8MsD+2qNThKqtrXRlllcsqGjlm5QwCvreZ0xMjRc9Ye13q5fhCymuIcFludaj93xZmG/6HkC8EMIiFLgvS5ZRZaIpa1kgUoMVVATP3Jc+W5ZLWoegxVlV3FJu+z0b69uNF+/ArGXevw7Umr76lUwkwgq54R1FouEdLqMVVSYMRxCi0OzzXL4XM7zvDneGD9b8KxyW8Y1Tvjv5Oi6s3wBVEPfoBostdfij1PfUE5iVTBNV6mXomW0z/AFEVdNkbeDc7cFhe7U8L5aquBiUUOM1DUNb7wn/HiPSSu/8AGHAbnaiuI5Na+oQXHmnlRULBwOzzHtRHE6fLzzkm9g7Rx778+edNPFFZrFtt+L+lw9T31QvP1GXjqY+iZeJpum4MShPSWwNqv9wVXIr2eDtbVfaWrD1WAbfzNkmDQzcLx2r7kwJqiqMJ/qXrKxfRDGL+Izc0jt+D3g3zH1X6S+igsw8YNYTJM9+/OAYsi/qb5Gp2eUCsDedRoXv1dX1NSavvreEHTCwcP2H88P8Am9uSj99kqyHY6KM71JcX+hxRhV2imFzMEaWOSKIosWKPpoNulj2XCz0zg505vAf7t+TWircOpjrqegTTXqjW6wG5jlvqrBu7OFRrFP7mgwL6enF2TaF8L9EWR41CHQHbsEJnQ2lYBHZmGQ2lxVZT0bXGtH9xWCbwDd1UqIAaVy/9wXDkAIX2epQvB2+pq65GgdSrvPDx8S+4Rj7/AFvt46jsR3XKoi7VrKVVo5r6j2x2DUdWGmHzxtM7Tf3DFtsdUQLGzn828FxQLZW0Pc3dtmnmx2gHHHBd8/fKc65g80tKM8zss/e6miMvVNX11dDpiggoHCj/AC9oO47OzwWhYwzFs6h7IH9Zvz1CreBg7aeRNekODFjm1QJrFga8iIRPMdC/sgePgWYHv0jzP/vFmGc8CCU/mICl1A0FcTfq/ufociRpzAfPClTXlKUiwoWM7IpqvpavuOkwr1FouLI9NAViFDfFX+UDyQzDfdqccuK99GfqjdzZTFHc+mAYL7Z/7aeM+2K9J1/TGvou/Dyv28GU78d/8TKP4FMqnTQavlcFqUhvYFgOrdQOsq41fsYTVV+x/cy27mq+5eO1441y7dysg/DugDtvDkaWFsWTmGWLMtLrKpf/AMR7ULN5Gofn0tHh+z1Nv99UsVNIIlnHImvfRn/6emwfAJ/0JKdfQjvP8Z/4uW/uvBD0Q+ogu22i+xm+DnzMzM2U2EWYd3AjVfeNED1FFlf0mqpl3lz7SSoYSDdnSHGm2w/2n/5x+kvlQzWiNrwA8uw6a+Zi3nNhXR6Bm8iaa9HHhan76apMW23qDTZAH4WZbGyDZfLXz8EWLUyQxdmXMXHgWph3i27eYkrtC+e7g3gtfppE4IC3g1RCK3NdIiLqK1Uop35aRhNy/PH3F6PdxPSdILI+p6/bmsxq4OIjpmHcciHUniTIBXOYOAxfEVt46K0WzAmDrv5naYxQ34WKFxexPVLbveULwUAqYYpphWRgiIN3Zqf7SpYrtxoCXVNR7p4lo4YKrNZnQ/2MQlbs1FAtlpXhYKqaPRMy7S63bnKwr33IFPwYdM6mJ6c2hRqqeISPyea5VnW+YWHniMWO/XoFczVdO3wCJHSMxt4XPachABpL6I7mCe5ECkmMDE7a7iEVwXKHBK/YjOjXiVeWiXQWJSWwxFjmoMe15BBDfgr9PhoOsrbPbo6AnuUAZRaE4unZzC/XiLktHQOB+EMKU8NWIFu9xTisXWpCAaoyVpGqRXchBqzHLGU2JtATeYrUsulhu9o6o1UL0NJbQVws50hNZS2q26FVe/QuXL4XLly5cvkuzbpXBGdnjcnMNXJovrnrWZinVfhG+AqLiz8OKNcEEph5GFjjWYu+U1M8BKSNHjg7pUEosxtMDaNoAJvw4lNPRVBg1uvSXLleCDETa/zJR8vpaBjQ0cDUc/xwPdVUncCASjZfS2YHNAwlgowF1Ub0I/hxx2+3SIFhngcHxzCj55NR9wbL5kYdGvhKgxQW6QTE8QjluCggiL540u6zC0DTLoa90q63MZQ7cFlumcDk4LD9uCbWZc9JSmyYhevLhJqZwQds2sysjJcL1ttUJFLQqP5KGsE0xTOYQZWnZlRGS4YqqbhoabNEMmxX4OSx5Ul1HtTyoLribyQoDgw5cOULagUVyDAy4+OdFv4e0iXErZ98Tb9U3qvGAqzVKjIxiKtGpFXDX5iX0+paRYBxLaadZENzm9JUaT+W6myHGJZO04uDrOhlP/YncRILuU/vZScwyuVWXgI6PI+LfmNnxy3BMjkMsKFMt+G5eyZ2jMrfZBAg4eLAdpkO83jMVKQbhsILdSI27wqmIGVzPaSXDVcLBeYLK6rY4BKE5GXH/wDRHANNvjWHb47XllEPdTQ9o9R7Z1zHKKwwbQjs2TPMYaI6eRg2PCmq3FNRAsOGhzYHmP7eRQ1mFv8AienYFDHqeRsnBwajvNRT86JfZEPCxm/3wSJ3RvBADTgWcT1hyxTWEa5Vkt/tAcjjVSxZFqxBHf2S0yl3maInYZWrvZRd5aoOmHMApLjs2TDvMFGbDBwFoilJGa27RsMOehObQ+kqONa6uLavxa2AremKsrBm+Cv14Z9JXNVUS7kEd0SprcacMqbGJdKmOu+JVM9s0zDHc9LHENJd18dC2mnKh1CK6wyjy0HPcktI6RqLaXlItZn4y1kupWTYCX/2l1WRtLcCplC5Sarmkoo24jtYRM+DtX0Ew7dJFZPEnpg7lfLVjHd8rI7uhYeZf0mx13+PZAZeGXmpELFcBGDj0gsHAmdGXtscEqNhKN5xT6dXYma19QClfymRIqtvIFtQUHboXX7cB+58oQN+G6FxX4olDP4oqLZg+sHrHClsJ2wpj7efH49NFfEsVplyS18oWDGl1Tku8XRdIFDtE2Py37iFQZGGBCqkMRP9kFlMBxn2ltVfIGztzsFfVNJy2Mqu8FNZoHxMyb8lWdLHT5hrjWKtmWrMerhYu7NYOxmO/HfhQCaPDLbS9Kxzasa7Tt0wtogUVyotNODrpVXGrFkZZROgApmG4etOmllSwH5+ATCnaCAbTLfRlkUIZ3ONSw7YqubJakOjo6BlqYaSZK68gAO8a04iz0vApXA+41xKeKb1UALXELd5Z3i1reZl6nC2Tvw9v1Lym3z3FtZlCbfXgwJ4YMNQ1rvitKvPNrMExW3RAUnKo2w0jATfGqzfpAKZhvxwK6sOVKXtHX1iIDoiHaZndjquSYL5ilGThTV1iU+DhpeuBivxhi/ZxQYDzZqsyvYdE0DlZTLWwaGcY9kMdNKNxELasZqzSZUGTOnkrLbzHtph+tpGp8zf/UYFM99lEa3Gvt42V3uGmEiWDtwrb6c+iZOgUK6ABp1lAtgjV8FQsyTjUDNH1Zc3+vgZw0fkZh0hBvooBTDL1jM8GQxvyIW00i0Myl4na1hnlBgFR2IVzAkEJaqD41oJXCk7zWNbiWaNYEITbYjcRSj4BUMCqfj37TFFlJQFTW5YxocABORUma64LqBMNEC0xFkJReuAbOQBd55ycZ+Pa0zx25CoGmAPMsu+8ZH5zNOr8KhTU+LnHBNF15HUQlmpECzmPT54Y2MsDZcRzrRxp4Ia1ZLOLKNhhUHIav35rWRQB8ceBBq2HD1pxxxLFtPiXKaPw6+5zqaaLhoG45BZwFple6NNeeTG7kGwjT9copTKXQ5WWCyEL0fHAUJ6OAoTU4FYwuIAo6X/2gAMAwEAAgADAAAAEAAAAAAAAAAAFMKANP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/APyAAAAAAAAHIAAAAAAGBFH/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/APwgAAAAAAARgAAAAABSj/8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD5AAAAABOAIAAAAAIP/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wCogAAAASiAAAAAADT/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD+zAD77/8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AOgAAACgAAccckcAj/8A/wD/APjxShwBCACQz/8A/wD/ALpjT/8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/sIAAEIAAAHzZ6Aco/8A+gAAAAECCzCBP/8A/wDs0+4Of/8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wAAAASAQgHwRXMADj//AMgAAAAgPqAgY40UYs4Mb8//AP8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wAAA4AAgQwgDUIMfykgAAAAAE6AAXjoAAAAQ4gQ0/8A/wD/AP8A/wD/AP8A/wDwgAgAAwAAACkjTQABgAAAA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)
Um mapa do Oceano artico mostra a localização das bacias da Amanãrica e da Eura¡sia. As setas mostram o caminho da águamorna e fresca do Pacafico e da águamorna e salgada do Atla¢ntico na regia£o. Crédito: Gra¡fico adaptado de Polyakov et al. 2020, Frontiers in Marine Science paper.
Novas pesquisas exploram como os oceanos de baixa latitude gerammudanças complexas no Oceano artico, levando a regia£o a uma nova realidade distinta da norma do século XX.
A Universidade do Alasca Fairbanks e o Instituto Meteorola³gico Finlandaªs lideraram o esfora§o internacional, que incluiu pesquisadores de seispaíses. O primeiro de vários artigos relacionados foi publicado este maªs na Frontiers in Marine Science .
Asmudanças climáticas são mais pronunciadas no artico. O Oceano artico, que cobre menos de 3% dasuperfÍcie da Terra, parece ser bastantesensívela condições anormais nos oceanos de baixa latitude.
"Com isso em mente, o objetivo de nossa pesquisa foi ilustrar a parte da mudança climática no artico causada por influxos ana´malos [diferentes da norma] de águaocea¢nica do Oceano Atla¢ntico e do Oceano Pacafico, um processo que chamamos de borealização" ", disse o principal autor Igor Polyakov, oceana³grafo do Centro artico de Pesquisas da UAF e da FMI.
Embora o artico seja frequentemente visto como um sistema aºnico impactado de maneira uniforme pelasmudanças climáticas, a pesquisa enfatizou que a Bacia Amerasiana do artico (influenciada pelas a¡guas do Pacafico) e a Bacia da Eura¡sia (influenciada pelas a¡guas do Atla¢ntico) tendem a diferir em suas respostas ao clima mudança.
Este modelo conceitual mostra o influxo de águado Pacafico e do Atla¢ntico no Oceano
artico no passado, em comparação com os anos recentes. Azul indica águafria e
vermelho indica águaquente. As setas indicam a direção do fluxo de a¡gua.
Crédito: Gra¡fico adaptado de Polyakov et al. 2020, Frontiers in Marine Science paper.
Desde as primeiras medições de temperatura e salinidade realizadas no final do século XIX, os cientistas sabem que a águafria e relativamente fresca, mais leve que a águasalgada , flutua nasuperfÍcie do Oceano artico. Essa nova camada impede o calor das a¡guas mais profundas do derretimento do gelo do mar.
Na Bacia da Eura¡sia, isso estãomudando. O influxo anormal de águamorna e salgada do Atla¢ntico desestabiliza a coluna d'a¡gua, tornando-a mais suscetavel a mistura. A camada protetora fresca e fresca do oceano estãoenfraquecendo e o gelo estãose tornando vulnera¡vel ao calor das profundezas do oceano. Amedida que a mistura e a deterioração do gelo marinho continuam, o processo acelera. O oceano se torna mais produtivo biologicamente a medida que a águamais profunda e rica em nutrientes chega a superfÍcie.
Por outro lado, o aumento do influxo de águaquente e relativamente fresca do Pacafico e processos locais, como o gelo do mar derreter e o acaºmulo de águado rio, tornam a separação entre asuperfÍcie e as camadas profundas mais pronunciada no lado americano do artico. Amedida que a piscina de águadoce cresce, ela limita a mistura e o movimento de nutrientes para asuperfÍcie, potencialmente tornando a regia£o menos produtiva biologicamente.
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O estudo também explora como essasmudanças físicas afetam outros componentes do sistema a¡rtico, incluindo composição química e comunidades biológicas.
A retirada do gelo do mar permite que mais luz penetre no oceano. Alterações nos padraµes de circulação e na estrutura da coluna de águacontrolam a disponibilidade de nutrientes. Em algumas regiaµes, os organismos na base da cadeia alimentar estãose tornando mais produtivos. Muitos organismos marinhos das latitudes suba¡rticas estãose movendo para o norte, em alguns casos substituindo as espanãcies locais do artico.
Instrumentos cientaficos pairam sobre o Oceano artico, sem gelo, durante uma das
expedições que contribuaram com dados para um estudo recente publicado na
Frontiers of Marine Science. Gelo marinho pode ser visto no horizonte.
Crédito: Sistema Observacional das Bacias Nansen e Amundsen.
"Em muitos aspectos, o Oceano artico agora parece um oceano novo", disse Polyakov.
Essas diferenças alteram nossa capacidade de prever o clima, as correntes e o comportamento do gelo marinho. Existem implicações importantes para os residentes do artico, pesca, turismo e navegação.
Este estudo se concentrou emmudanças em grande escala no Oceano artico, e suas descobertas não representam necessariamente condições em a¡guas próximas da costa, onde as pessoas vivem e caçam.
O estudo enfatizou a importa¢ncia do futuro monitoramento cientafico para entender como esse novo reino afeta as ligações entre o oceano , o gelo e a atmosfera.